Nowadays there is certainly worldwide interest in developing a sustainable economy where biobased chemicals are the lead actors. materials and the development of biotechnological processes for the production of sustainable biomass-based chemicals. These could replace petroleum-based resources CP-868596 and/or expand the range of accessible compounds at industrial scale [2]. To achieve this, it is necessary to: (1) understand the various biomass feedstocks available for such purposes; (2) improve and develop biorefinery-basic technologies for the fractionation of raw material; and (3) improve and develop conversion methods of each fraction towards chemical production [2,3]. In 2007 the UK Government established the Industrial Biotechnology Innovation and Growth Team (IB-IGT) to identify opportunities (and challenges) for future competitiveness in industrial Biotechnology (IB). In 2009 2009, their report IB 2025: Maximising UK Opportunities from Industrial Biotechnology in a Low Carbon Economy identified five crucial recommendations towards the consolidation of IB in the UK. These included: to speedup IB knowledge and innovation transfer; to attract and retain IB experts in science, engineering and management; and to create a supportive environment at both public and private level. The team also estimated that up to 12 billion per year could be added to the UK economy from IB innovation [4,5]. To date, several bio-based chemicals have been successfully produced at industrial scale from various raw TP53 materials, for example, biodiesel from plant oil and bioethanol from sucrose and starch. However, the use of byproduct streams is of special interest as they do not interfere with the debate on alternative land uses. Their composition can be highly variable depending on the source, but generally they are composed of oils, polysaccharides, lignin and/or proteins. Due to the high content of polysaccharides and lignin across different sources most of the recent research has focused on valorization of these fractions [6]. In contrast, little attention has been paid to the protein fraction, except for its nutritional value as animal feed. Various byproduct streams that contain high quantities of protein, that is, >10% (w/w), come from CP-868596 the following industries: (1) distilleries and first generation biofuel production, that is, DDGS; (2) agriculture, such as stover, straw, leaves and hay; and (3) oil and biodiesel production, that is, meals and seedcakes. Their protein content can vary from as little as 3% (w/w) within maize stover, to 65% (w/w) within jatropha seed food [7]. Among the above mentioned feedstocks, whole wheat DDGS can be of particular importance to the united kingdom after the latest establishment of two wheat-bioethanol refineries; one by Ensus, founded this year 2010 having a optimum capability of 400,000?m3 of bioethanol and 350,000?lot of DDGS each year, and one by Vivergo, established in 2013 having a optimum creation of 420,000?m3 of bioethanol and 500,000?lot each year. Before 2010, there is an annual creation of 250?kt/annum of whole wheat DDGS from the united kingdom distillery industry. This increase at least by enough time both of these bioethanol vegetation are completely functional fourfold, and can be likely to rise additional if even CP-868596 more businesses build vegetation in the united kingdom actually, such as for example Vireol: prepared for 2016 having a capability of 200 million liters each year [8,9]. This improved supply is likely to saturate the pet feed market producing a lower worth because of this feedstock. THE UNITED KINGDOM.