This study also found that targeted NGS accurately estimates TMB and its elevation indicates likelihood of benefit of ICIs. those best suited for an individual patient. Advances in immuno-oncology are also attributed to technologies for targeted delivery of anticancer therapeutics such as antigen-capturing nanoparticles for precision targeting and selective delivery. A breakthrough in cell therapy of cancer is a chimeric antigen receptors-T cell, which combines the antigen-binding site of a MAb with the signal activating machinery of a T cell, freeing antigen recognition from major histocompatibility complex restriction. Gene-editing tools such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats have a promising application for removing alloreactivity and decreasing immunogenicity of third-party T cells. In conclusion, personalized immuno-oncology is one of the most promising approaches to management of cancer. Keywords: Cell-based immune therapies, Immune checkpoint inhibitors, Immunogene therapy, Immuno-oncology, Personalized cancer vaccines, Personalized oncology, Precision Cefodizime sodium oncology Highlights Modulation of the immune system is important in the management of cancer. Anticancer strategies in immuno-oncology include pharmaceuticals Cefodizime sodium such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and biological therapies such as cell therapy and vaccines. As anticancer immune responses can be modulated in several ways that vary from patient to patient, immunotherapy needs to be personalized for individual patients. This review highlights how immuno-oncology is personalized. Introduction to Personalized Medicine Personalized medicine, also referred to as individualized medicine, simply means the prescription of specific treatments and therapeutics best suited for an individual, taking into consideration both genetic and environmental factors that influence response Cefodizime sodium to therapy [1]. The term precision medicine is used because diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies are precisely tailored to each patient’s requirements. However, it does not cover the full scope of personalized medicine. Genomic/proteomic technologies have facilitated the development of personalized medicines, but other technologies such as metabolomics are also contributing to this effort. CRF2-S1 Personalized medicine is the best way to integrate new biotechnologies into medicine for improving the understanding of pathomechanism of diseases and management of patients. The most important area for application of personalized Cefodizime sodium medicine is cancer, not only because of the variations among patients, but also among tumors with the same histological diagnosis. Immuno-Oncology Cancer immunotherapy aims to control the immune system to eradicate cancer cells and prevent their spread. Caution is exercised in manipulating the immune system, which has potentially dual functions (double-edged sword), that is, promoting tumor development on the one hand and restraining tumor development on the other hand. Currently, most of the applications for new cancer drugs submitted to the FDA in the USA are for immunotherapies or combinations involving immunotherapies. Some of the basic aspects described in the next 2 sections indicate that immuno-oncology is already being personalized. Classification of Therapeutic Approaches in Immuno-Oncology A classification of various therapeutic approaches to cancer immunotherapy is shown in Table ?Table1.1. Old immunotherapies were passive therapies defined as immunology-based treatments that do not engage the patient’s immune system directly. They include antibodies and cell therapies, also known as adoptive cell transfer (ACT). In active immuno-oncology, the patient’s own immune system is stimulated with the use of an antigen-presenting cell (APC). The immune system recognizes the APC as an invader and mounts an immune response. Active therapies include cytokine treatments, therapeutic vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and small molecules. Table 1 Classification of various therapeutic approaches to cancer immunotherapy Pharmaceuticals?Antibody-drug conjugates?Antigen-capturing nanoparticles?ICIs?Monoclonal antibodiesCell-based immune therapies?Cellular immunotherapy for cancer?Chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy?Ex vivo mobilization of immune cells?Granulocytes as anticancer agentsImmunogene therapy?Vaccines??Autologous tumor cell vaccines??Cell-based cancer vaccines??Cytokines as vaccine adjuvants??Role of tumor neoantigens in personalizing cancer.