% 10 out of 16) and overexpression of several SLC family transporters including xCT Cystine transporter (gene; 80% 12 out of 15) PROT Proline transporter (gene; 100% 5 out of 5) and GLAST glutamate and aspartate transporter (gene; 80% 4 out of 5) in CDC cases [2]. could be “repurposed” while waiting to build up more selected agencies. For instance sulfasalazine can be an anti-inflammatory medication useful for colitis and joint disease and goals xCT [3] while benzatropine can be an anticholinergic agent utilized to reduce unwanted effects of antipsychotic remedies and Selumetinib goals PROT [6]. To be able to better understand the biology of CDC additional proteomic and genomic research are needed. Recently two various other groups have released the genomic profiling of CDC tumors. we) A comprehensive genomic profiling study in 17 CDC patients reporting a common alteration in NF2 (29% 5 out of 17) and suggesting a potential therapeutic role for mTOR inhibitors in CDC [7]. ii) A unique transcriptome sequencing analysis performed on CDC (n=17) comparing with Upper Track Urothelial Carcinomas (UTUC) and other kidney carcinomas [8]. The results from the latter study are quite interesting. The authors discovered that the origin of the CDC is usually from distal convoluted tubules and possess distinct transcriptome signature among of kidney cancer subtypes. Selumetinib Further they also showed a metabolic shift in CDC with impaired tricarboxylic acid cycle pyruvate metabolism and oxidoreductases activity along with the immunogenic response and increased infiltrating lymphocytes especially in the metastatic cases. The authors concluded that CDC exhibits a ‘pathognomonic transcriptomic’ signature with the alteration of immunogenic and metabolic pathways indicating that targeting these pathways might be a therapeutic option for CDC patients. Our findings of deletion and overexpression of Selumetinib several oncogenic genes and drug resistance SLC family transporters also suggest that metabolic reprograming is usually a critical alteration in CDC and targeting these pathways might lead to improve the clinical outcome of patients. Our unpublished data (Physique ?(Determine1)1) revealed the overexpression of p-mTOR a nutritional sensing pathway in 50% (3 out of 6) of CDC cases compared to match normal kidney again supporting the hypothesis that CDC is a metabolic disease. Physique 1 p-mTOR is usually overexpressed in collecting duct carcinoma tumors In conclusions due to the rarity of the CDC patients clinicians and researcher working on this disease should get together to pool the available resources and further investigate the molecular alterations by using the currently Selumetinib available advanced Omics technologies. A consensus agreement around DES the potential treatment options will be beneficial for all the patients affected by this rare but dreadful disease. Recommendations 1 Procopio G et al. Anticancer Res. 2014;34:1027-30. [PubMed] 2 Wang J et al. Oncotarget. 2016;7:29901-15. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.9093. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref] 3 Drayton RM et al. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20:1990-2000. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-2805. [PMC free article] [PubMed] Selumetinib [Cross Ref] 4 Pedraz-Cuesta E et al. BMC Cancer. 2015;15:411. doi: 10.1186/s12885-015-1405-08. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref] 5 Loayza-Puch F et al. Nature. 2016;530:490-94. doi: 10.1038/nature16982. [PubMed] [Cross Ref] 6 Yu XC et al. Neurosci Lett. 2009;451:212-16. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.01.018. [PubMed] [Cross Ref] 7 Pal SK et al. Eur Urol. 2016;70:516-21. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2015.06.019. [PubMed] [Cross Ref] 8 Malouf GG et al. Sci Rep. 2016;6:30988. doi: 10.1038/srep30988. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross.